Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. All were knighted. He shows that, long before the growth of a mass independence movement in the wake of the second world war, there was considerable opposition to colonial rule. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. 1960-1966: Early diplomatic relations. Its activist membership was drawn from local government and emirate officials who had access to means of communication and to repressive traditional authority that could keep the opposition in line. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. However, it is thought that the Nigerians themselves were providing the . The staff of this office came primarily from the British upper-middle classi.e., university-educated men, primarily not nobility, with fathers in well-respected professions. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. Anticolonialism in the twentieth and twenty-first century refers to two interconnected concepts: a historical event and a critical analytic. Similar status was acquired by the Northern Region two years later. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. Bright Alozie. The present attempt is to inquire into the educational policy of colonial Nigeria, the aim, the nature and process of educational development and how it affected women in Nigeria. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. African Resistance to Colonial Rule (Talten, Africana Age) LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. Nigeria (/ n a d r i / ny-JEER-ee-), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea to the south in the Atlantic Ocean.It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi), and with a population of over 225 million, it is the most populous country in Africa, and the world's . Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. Acephalous . This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to . Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. In practice, British administrative procedures under indirect rule entailed constant interaction between colonial authorities and local rulersthe system was modified to fit the needs of each region. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. of British Colonial Nigeria. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. It was guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-60) and Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965-79); it was all . It was not a walk over for the British to conquer Nigeria, some individuals and groups resisted the imposition of colonial rule. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Colonization of Nigeria. It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. In May of this year, Herbert J. [53] The first five heads of the Nigeria Department (18981914) were Reginald Antrobus, William Mercer, William Baillie Hamilton, Sydney Olivier, and Charles Strachey. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. In these territories, violent resistance brought colonial rule to a close. The legal justification for this campaign was a treaty signed in 1886, when the British had interceded as peacemakers to end the Ekiti Parapo war, which imposed free trade requirements and mandated that all parties continue to use British channels for diplomacy. Nigeria in the past was forced to participate in the slave trade. Instead, acts of resistance were usually prompted by some new colonial policy - like taking away land, or forcing people to pay a tax, or forcing them to work for free on roads or railways. The Igbo redirected slaves into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. They later discovered that the demand for . In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for [61] John Anderson diplomatically suggested: If it is the necessity for formally submitting the drafts that hurts Sir F. Lugard, I should be quite prepared to omit that provision provided that the period of publication of the draft prior to enactment is extended from one month to two. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. Political leaders resorted to the use of political parties and the media to mobilize millions of Nigerians against the continuation of British rule. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Local administration, where the colonial citizens typically experienced colonial authority, was based on the policy of indirect rule first developed in the north. As a philosophical movement and critical . Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. Nigeria's potential in the Post-Colonial Era. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. In the twentieth century, Lagos became a center for resistance to colonial rule. Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. In: Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: (1999), vol. The forces unleashed against the British were now diverse, including soldiers who had served in World War II, the media, restless youth, market women, educated people, and farmers, all of whom became committed to the anticolonial movement. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. For this objective, the Company chose to administer the African inhabitants of the Niger Sudan through their traditional rulers and their political institutions. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. Hon. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau.

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