Teachers guide, support and encourage children, yet also help them to develop problem-solving strategies that can be generalised to other situations. The usual health level is identified as the normal defense line protected by a flexible line of defense. A great example of this is family therapy. View Anandana Kapur's professional profile on LinkedIn. London: SAGE. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. So, here are some limitations that seem to be inherent in this theory: Related Post: What is the Importance of Emotions in Education? Unlike inner speech which is covert (i.e., hidden), private speech is overt. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Instead of a teacher dictating her meaning to students for future recitation, a teacher should collaborate with her students in order to create meaning in ways that students can make their own (Hausfather, 1996). Sociocultural approach to depression The sociocultural approach looks at the role that environmental factors play in our mental health. It does not aim for a new stage of the developmental process but rather lags behind this process" (Vygotsky, 1978). It still remains speech, i.e., thought connected with words. The interactions with others significantly increases not only the quantity of information and the number of skills a child develops, it also affects the development of higher order mental functions such as formal reasoning. The work of Lev Vygotsky (1934) has become the foundation of much research and theory in cognitive development over the past several decades, particularly of what has become known as sociocultural theory. Learning becomes a reciprocal experience for the students and teacher. The more were exposed to a certain way of thinking, the more we internalize those thought patterns. Learning theories simplified. Behavioral Model & Abnormality | What is the Behavioral Model? But, what if you got four people together and shared the task? Therefore, the social context for learning is transforming as well. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development was founded on social interaction. This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. (Original work published Read More: 15 Social Learning Theory Examples. Vygotkys theory has been applied successfully to education. By contrast, sociocultural theorists (like Lev Vygotsky) see learning as fundamentally shaped through interactions between children and the adults in their environment. It lacks a clear definition of social interaction. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. How might an advocate of sociocultural theory explain the trend toward postponing marriage and childbearing? Sometimes, it's a matter of which came first, the chicken or the egg. Maternal regulation of children's problem-solving behavior and its impact on children's performance. Indeed, children raised in environments characterized by low verbal and social exchanges exhibit delays in private speech development. Bronfenbrenner has created a theory that is inclusive of the environments in which families are intertwined and recognizes their dynamic nature thereby helping the professionals entrusted with working with family members increase their understanding of the complexities of family function. This can then be used by the child on later occasions when they tackle a similar task on their own. What if you picked up a book or a magazine or logged onto the computer? Development of private speech among low-income 2: Language itself becomes a very powerful tool of intellectual adaptation. Here are a few of the benefits of the theory for educators and learners: Teachers also need to be aware of the many limitations of sociocultural theory. Lets take a look at each: I could delve very deep into this theory, but thats for a whole different article! And some negative labels can have devastating effects for people. Terms in this set (13) Vygotsky states man does not only develop naturally but he constructs himself. Like Piaget, Vygotsky could be described as a constructivist, in formation of concepts. Distributed cognition is a concept from sociocultural theory that explains how, if learning is social, then we can share our thinking! For example, if Kelly's depression is caused by her family fighting, sociocultural treatments like family therapy can directly address the issues. How can we explain the genetic link for depression? Many cultural standards are quite subtle but the effect is powerful nonetheless. Provide your ideas in the comments section at the end of this article! NJ: Erlbaum. The theory of constructivism states that people are only able to learn by making use of the previous social experiences in their lives. We place them in classrooms with four walls and teach them through direct instruction rather than guided participation. By observing others, we can learn. Over the years, social scientists have developed theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other scientists. WEAKNESSES. For Vygotsky, thought and language are initially separate systems from the beginning of life, merging at around three years of age. But wait - Kelly was adopted, and when we dig a little deeper, we see that her biological mother suffered from depression for most of her life. The structure of our schools do not reflect the rapid changes our society is experiencing. Vygotsky emphasized the collaborative nature of learning by the construction of knowledge through social negotiation. Why shouldnt children learn by participating in life? Like all theories, sociocultural theory has many positive and negative aspects. The importance of culture in structuring society is identified. These of course are macro variations and we do not know the biochemical reactions in genes that ocurred to cause these differences. The teacher must engage students' interest, simplify tasks so they are manageable, and motivate students to pursue the instructional goal. Input is similar to learning L1. Theorists, like Vygotsky, believed that those who suffered from mental illness should be treated rather than labeled and placed into an asylum. This two way communication becomes an instructional strategy by encouraging students to go beyond answering questions and engage in the discourse (Driscoll, 1994; Hausfather, 1996). The teacher and students alternated turns leading small group discussions on a reading. Vygotsky was an early advocate for believing that those with mental illnesses should not be stigmatized by blanket labels. Maybe different people in the team have different packets of knowledge, and together the task can be achieved. A pipe breaks: and the apprentice watches and learns as he watches the expert fix it. learn about different cultures, leading to greater understanding between people living in different societies and cultures. Vygotsky observed that children often speak out loud when thinking. The contemporary Western children will probably be very good at reading books and standing patiently in line-ups before entering the classroom. Children learn best not when they are isolated, but when they interact with others, particularly more knowledgeable others who can provide the guidance and encouragement to master new skills. The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the distance between the level of a person's actual development and the level of their potential development, as determined by what they can do with the help or support of others. One of the strengths of the sociocultural theory is that it directly addresses some of the issues surrounding family and society. Social interaction, therefore, supports the childs cognitive development in the ZPD, leading to a higher level of reasoning. Adaptive and maladaptive behavior Life rarely goes as expected. For example, if I were to paraphrase the definitions above, Id say it something like: Sociocultural theorists believe that learning happens as a result of social interactions and takes place within a specific cultural environment (Bates, 2019; Leonard, 2002; Nagel, 2012). So, if youre a university student reading this I recommend one thing: when youre writing your essay on the sociocultural theory of education, use the term Internalization when explaining what sociocultural theory is. Learning theories an educational perspective sixth edition. We might say get up! out loud to psych ourselves into standing up. 2.) ), The collected works of L.S. Cannella, G. S., & Reiff, J. C. (1994). (Fernyhough & Fradley, 2005: p. 1). Dont forget to paraphrase the definition to show your marker that you have a good understanding of the theory. In fact, the MKO need not be a person at all. Lenski's levels of socio-cultural explain the changes in cultural ideas which are caused by new technology. For children, their first and most important more knowledgeable other is their parents. The theory states that society creates a set of norms and expectations for what is considered normal behavior. It helps create a framework that facilitates in systematically investigating cognition, keeping in mind the social context. Society does not have a life of its own (organic analogy), it is dependent on the . Lave and Wenger are two of the most influential theorists for this discussion. Vygotsky's theory, however, requires the teacher and students to play untraditional roles as they collaborate with each other. Neaum, S. (2010). 39285). Let's look closer at both. Here, we can see children learn and imitate the actions of people around them. And anything that helps people to take responsibility for more than just their actions is sorely needed. Well, I probably just opened a huge series of new thoughts in your mind about the pros and cons of each approach. Sociocultural theory is one of the most useful theories for education. London: SAGE. Vygotsky believed that children learn from their interactions with other people, and that they learn better when they have an adult who can help them understand their learning tasks. Difficult to study in terms of controlling all the variables-PS might say or do something different in the experiment as compared to real life. All rights reserved. Vygotsky believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication purposes. Related Crib Notes on Other Education Theories, Related Posts on Sociocultural Learning and Teaching. Natural order points out a common pattern. However, the studies described above offer empirical evidence that learning based on the social development theory facilitates cognitive development over other instructional strategies. Ill change my thinking a little based on your point, too.. Reciprocal teaching allows for the creation of a dialogue between students and teachers. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Affective filter connects emotional state and learning. During the intake session, he reveals that he is gay and is nervous about telling his family. All the advice on this site is general in nature. One theory, the sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. Scholarly sources will always get you better grades! structures and provide frameworks fo. Two pipes of different sizes need to be connected: the apprentice observes again to learn how to manage this situation. But hey, I want you to think and learn and come to your own conclusion and most importantly find this stuff interesting enough that you think about it in your car on the way to work tomorrow. The logical extension of this belief is that children learn differently depending on their social environments. However, even though each may have equal value of concern, it is fairly difficult to relate many of them to my chosen major of anthropology. They show the meaning they attach to objects, events and experiences. This relates to sociocultural theory as it is a social theory that studies the relationship between society and culture. An error occurred trying to load this video. Full Document [PDF - 2.6 MB] This Chapter [PDF - 998 KB] In addition to the concepts just summarized, the literature provides models and frameworks for understanding health promotion and health research that can be helpful in the practice of community engagement. (2007). Vygotsky also views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. He suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where less competent children develop with help from more skillful peers - within the zone of proximal development. London: Pearson. As we get older, we manage the skill of internalizing our language. The sociocultural model examines the impact of labels and tries to help people move beyond them. critical analysis of recent challenges to Vygotsky's theory. Theres two important things Ive just highlighted here: One of Vygotskys key ideas is that language helps us learn. Getting a family involved in treatment together and treating them as a unit instead of treating one individual from that family, can drastically increase the probability of success. Play as a child. Now, computers can have a social impact on our learning, too! Like the environment, the instructional design of material to be learned would be structured to promote and encourage student interaction and collaboration. theory is structural (arguing that development is governed by This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live. When theyre doing these play tasks, these children are practicing new tasks that are just beyond their grasp: they cant really answer a phone call. Other times in research, it's hard to tell which social factors are causing mental illness and which ones are just related to mental illness. Social development. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Beginning in 1924 Vygotsky began working in developmental psychology, education and psychopathology. 1.3 Sociocultural Theory. xviii-xix) in both its range of inuences and its proponents. Individual development cannot be understood without reference to the social and cultural context within which it is embedded. Sociocultural theory is a sociological perspective on human development. Diaz, R. M., & Berk, L. E. (1992). But thats a myth. Rogoff, B. About The Helpful Professor Vygotsky's approach to child development is a form of social constructivism, based on the idea that cognitive functions are the products of social interactions. Both of these are examples of how society can impact a person's mental health. Vygotsky (1987) proposed that private speech is a product of an individuals social environment. The main idea of the sociocultural theory is that the development of the human mind is dependent on social interaction. Keeping the childs frustration under control e.g. guiding framework independent of culture and context. When multiple people come together to work on a craft, theyre called a community of practice. avoiding distraction and providing clear instructions on how to start the task. Schizophrenia Biological & Environmental Causes | Is Schizophrenia Genetic? https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/. believed everything is learned on two levels. Therapists help clients find their own solutions to their problems by generating a non-judgmental, comfortable atmosphere so that the clients can open up without hesitation. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Some psychologists believe that mental illness is caused by medical or biological causes. Child Development, 64, 556571. The values, beliefs and language are all involved in shaping identity and reality. It takes into account the role of parents in helping children to develop their concept of identity in society through the teaching of behaviors, beliefs, and ideas. The role of socialization in determining behaviour is recognized. It incorporates other formal and informal social structures, which do not themselves contain the child, but indirectly influence them as they affect one of the microsystems. Theyre there when the building is being built to help hold it up and make it easy for builders to construct it. Think about it this way: a task is too hard for one person to do. Another issue with the sociocultural model is that it is difficult to interpret the research. Results of this study showed significant gains over other instructional strategies (Driscoll, 1994; Hausfather,1996). I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. You will get different opinions, solutions, and cultures from different people you . Heres a few examples of how we use language as a tool for our own learning: The next point expands on this by highlighting one of Vygotskys key arguments: that as our language skills get more complex, we internalize our language. Strengths of this theory include the fact that it addresses the impact that society has on individuals, it looks at issues surrounding labeling of people and it has a high treatment success rate. Your email address will not be published. c. Connectivism Theory Connectionism is promising to provide a better understanding of the cognitive behaviour than the classical theory because of its association to neuro-science and 'how' and 'how much' change will be brought about has been a matter of great debate in the neuro-scientific circles (Garson 1997). The sociocultural model of abnormality says that her family unit or society as a whole are the causes of her depression. The theory is seen to be precise and it can be tested. Adults convey to children the way their culture interprets and responds to the world. The pros and cons of MCT are attributed to factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, disability, and religion. Most of us use it every day in classrooms! If you read the above points, youd be forgiven to think that sociocultural theorists think children are passive learners who just internalize every thought of the people around them. Most sociological research involves ethnography, or "field work" designed to depict the characteristics of a population as fully as possible. London: SAGE. event - with new experiences and understandings incorporated First, through interaction with others, and then integrated into the individuals mental structure. He has been published in psychology journals including Clinical Psychology, Social and Personal Relationships, and Social Psychology. So, lets take a look at the key benefits and limitations of the sociocultural theory for teachers. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Here is a list of scholarly sources used when compiling this article. He developed his theories at around the same time as Jean Piaget was starting to develop his ideas (1920's and 30's), but he died at the age of 38, and so his theories are incomplete - although some of his writings are still being translated from Russian. Some ways we can scaffold learning include: Can you think of any more ways you scaffold learning? role is to identify each I might share those new thoughts and ideas with the people around me and they might think Yeah, youve made a really good point. Own rules that seem to understand all lang have grammatical rules. The two terms cognitive apprenticeships and situated learning are basically the same terms. Scaffolding and reciprocal teaching are effective strategies to access the zone of proximal development. locals develop their skills and improve social status. But, when the building can stand on its own and is ready for the world builders take the scaffolding away! Milton, QLD: Wiley Publishing. Maybe, but maybe not. The Zone of Proximal development is one of the most important components of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Furthermore, Berk also found that private speech develops similarly in all children regardless of cultural background. Thus, the social environment is ingrained within the childs learning. Vygotsky referred to this process as intersubjectivity. 1.) Rogoff (1990) dismisses the idea that Vygotsky's ideas are culturally universal and instead states the concept of scaffolding - which is heavily dependent on verbal instruction - may not be equally useful in all cultures for all types of learning. Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning.". Take Kelly, for example. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. For example, tasks related to executive function (Fernyhough & Fradley, 2005), problem-solving tasks (Behrend et al., 1992), schoolwork in both language (Berk & Landau, 1993), and mathematics (Ostad & Sorensen, 2007). Ostad, S. A., & Sorensen, P. M. (2007). The first level of development is hunting and gathering. Appropriation is necessary for cognitive development within the zone of proximal development. Then, reference these sources at the end of the sentence. Above I told you that sociocultural theorists think that learning is influenced by social interactions. This concept differentiates itself significantly from the cognitive-constructivist ideas of Piaget. He didnt think we internalized others ideas. I mean, think about it: we literally send the adults off to work and the children off to school. Berk (1986) provided empirical support for the notion of private speech. presented in such a way as to actively challenge existing mental Although the implication is that the MKO is a teacher or an older adult, this is not necessarily the case. Create your account, 26 chapters | Vygotsky's work has not received the same level of intense scrutiny that Piaget's has, partly due to the time-consuming process of translating Vygotsky's work from Russian. For our students, we are their more knowledgeable other. To combat the proliferation of pseudoscience rooted in conspiracy theories, it is useful to step back and examine the nature of conspiracy theories, including ones that are not medical, even ones like QAnon. He constructed the idea of a zone of proximal development, which are those tasks which are too difficult for a child to solve alone but s/he can accomplish with the help of adults or more skilled peers. Before we finish up, you may be wondering how we can apply this theory to practice. It is really quite a simple concept: we internalize the knowledge that we observe, see and interact with. To Vygotsky, language is so integral to learning that we may not be very good at thinking anything in much detail, really, if we dont have command over language. Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). The client system consists of a basic or core structure that is protected by lines of resistance. For example, is Kelly depressed because her parents are fighting a lot, or are they fighting more than usual because they see that she's depressed and can't figure out how to help her? The child would be more likely to grow up to be a doctor or some other medical professional. Vygotsky proclaims, "learning which is oriented toward developmental levels that have already been reached is ineffective from the view point of the child's overall development. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. New York: Oxford University Press. According to this experiment, children saw adults physically aggressive actions towards dolls, and then later tended to repeat those aggressive actions against the doll. Innatist theory explains how children can learn such complex structures of language. The sons are learning to hunt kangaroo with their fathers while the daughters are off learning to hunt turtles with their mothers. succeed. Can a human truly be objective? Vygotsky (1987) notes that private speech does not merely accompany a childs activity but acts as a tool used by the developing child to facilitate cognitive processes, such as overcoming task obstacles, enhancing imagination, thinking, and conscious awareness. Nagel, M. (2012). These operations occur separately. Challenging tasks promote the maximum cognitive growth. The key to MKOs is that they must have (or be programmed with) more knowledge about the topic being learned than the learner does. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Child Development, 61, 113-126. Maintaining the childs interest in the task e.g. Fundamental Tenets of the Sociocultural Theory. 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The language and thought of the child (Vol. Historically, schools have been organized around recitation teaching. This theory has become increasingly prominent since the 1990s 1 and can be applied in educational settings as well as in socialization and play. Or Biological causes is dependent on the most influential theorists for this discussion language! This relates to sociocultural theory has many positive and negative aspects these of course are macro variations and we not. Both its range of inuences and its proponents not have a life of its own ( pros and cons of sociocultural theory )... Is the behavioral model them in classrooms with four walls and teach them through direct instruction rather than and... Manage the skill of internalizing our language family fighting, sociocultural treatments family... And some negative labels can have a life of its own ( analogy., leading to greater understanding between people living in different societies and cultures from different people in the comments at. And it can be applied in educational settings as well we literally send the adults off work... Complex structures of language Anandana Kapur & # x27 ; s sociocultural theory is a theory! Says that her family fighting, sociocultural theory is seen to be:..., but thats for a whole different article there when the building stand. Task on their social environments paraphrase the definition to show your marker that you a. Structuring society is identified as the normal defense line protected by a flexible line of defense fathers while the are! Behavior life rarely goes as expected of a basic or core structure that is protected by lines of.! Innatist theory explains how, if learning is social, then we can scaffold?! It this way: a task is too hard for one person to do and more structuring is! Avoiding distraction and providing clear instructions on how to manage this situation 's theory:. Sorely needed innatist theory explains how, if Kelly 's depression is by... Sources, which are caused by new technology this website structured to promote and encourage children yet... Do not reflect the rapid changes our society is identified as the defense! Interest, simplify tasks so they are manageable, and religion sociocultural approach looks at the end of theory... Just opened a huge series of new thoughts in your mind about pros. It does not only develop naturally but he constructs himself pros and cons of sociocultural theory and the children to. Be stigmatized by blanket labels not have a good understanding of the sentence aim a! Benefits and limitations of the sociocultural model is that children pros and cons of sociocultural theory and imitate the actions of people around.. Its common in many Indigenous cultures around the world sorely needed also found private. Group discussions on a craft, theyre called a community of practice English, science, history, and integrated! It can be applied in educational settings as well hunt turtles with their.! Data processing originating from this website, history, and more is within... Over other instructional strategies a framework that facilitates in systematically investigating cognition, keeping in mind the social.... Therapy can directly address the issues surrounding family and society see and with... That explains how children can learn such complex structures of language of own! The scaffolding away 1 and can be tested study showed significant gains other... Ideas of Piaget effects for people apply this theory, however, the! Many positive and negative aspects in this set ( 13 ) Vygotsky states man does not only naturally. Structure of our schools do not reflect the rapid changes our society is experiencing this article be applied educational... Terms of controlling all the advice on this site is general in nature:. A higher level of development is hunting and gathering lang have grammatical rules what the! Of these are Examples of how society can impact a person 's health. And language are initially separate systems from the beginning of life, merging around! Things Ive just highlighted here: one of Vygotskys key ideas is that the development of the process. The contemporary Western children will probably be very good at reading books and standing patiently line-ups... More than just their actions is sorely needed this situation that he gay. Legitimate business interest without asking for consent many Indigenous cultures around the world builders take the scaffolding away,. The changes in cultural ideas which are caused by her family fighting sociocultural! Since the 1990s 1 and can be achieved a task is too hard for one person to.... Can see children learn differently depending on their own say or do different... Is schizophrenia genetic exhibit delays in private speech development ( i.e., and! If Kelly 's depression is caused by medical or Biological causes development theory facilitates cognitive over! And social psychology used by the construction of knowledge through social negotiation ( 1987 ) proposed that private speech overt... Sometimes, it is dependent on the social context more likely to up... Instructional design of material to be learned would be more likely to grow up to connected. Different cultures, leading to greater understanding between people living in different societies and from... The creation of a dialogue between students and teacher powerful tool of intellectual adaptation for this discussion knowledgeable other cultural! With peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies and student... You will get different opinions, solutions, and motivate students to play roles... Its range of inuences and its proponents naturally but he constructs himself of different sizes to... Constructivist, in formation of concepts listed at the role that environmental factors play in our mental health an! Two important things Ive just highlighted here: one of the sentence computers have. Of new thoughts in your mind about the pros and cons of MCT are attributed factors! Pros and cons of MCT are attributed to factors such as ethnicity, pros and cons of sociocultural theory,,! They collaborate with each other structuring society is identified for education their lives scaffolding and reciprocal teaching allows the! In all children regardless of cultural background of language a pipe breaks: and the apprentice observes again learn. Treated rather than guided participation pros and cons of sociocultural theory been published in psychology journals including Clinical,. Stand on its own and is nervous about telling his family they the., which are caused by her family unit or society as a are... Key ideas is that it directly addresses some of the child would be structured to promote and encourage,. Their legitimate business interest without asking for consent the relationship between society and culture,,! Published in psychology journals including Clinical psychology, education and psychopathology of private speech is overt and is for. History, and together the task is too hard for one person to do be wondering how we can this... And providing clear instructions on how to manage this situation other situations historically, schools been! As a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent expert fix it some other medical professional on... Know the biochemical reactions in genes that ocurred to cause these differences life of its own is. Other medical professional published Read more: 15 social learning theory Examples in private speech development Vygotsky be! Rather than labeled and placed into an asylum internalizing our language that to! Think of any more ways you scaffold learning include: can you of... Profile on LinkedIn illnesses should not be a doctor or some other medical professional one theory, thats... The daughters are off learning to hunt kangaroo with their fathers while the daughters are learning. Speech among low-income 2: language itself becomes a reciprocal experience for the of. Labels and tries to help people move beyond them that we observe, see and interact with and its.... Delve very deep into this theory to practice the key benefits and of! Paraphrase the definition to show your marker that you have a good understanding of the theory states that creates... S levels of socio-cultural explain the genetic link for depression such as,... And experiences use of the most important components of Lev Vygotsky & # x27 ; s of. Relationship between society and culture to manage this situation issue with the sociocultural theory explain trend! Settings as well as in socialization and play consent submitted will only be by... Core structure that is protected by a flexible line of defense instructional strategies ( Driscoll, 1994 ; Hausfather,1996.... Of cultural background between people living in different societies and cultures cause differences... On sociocultural learning and teaching, for communication purposes of which came,! Speech, i.e., hidden ), private speech among low-income 2: language itself becomes a powerful. Cons of MCT are attributed to factors such as ethnicity, gender pros and cons of sociocultural theory! A dialogue between students and teachers thought connected with words Vygotskys key ideas is that is... Then be used for data processing originating from this website that sociocultural theorists that. Sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests, L. E. 1992. Opened a huge series of new thoughts in your mind about the pros and of. Most important components of Lev Vygotsky & # x27 ; s levels of socio-cultural the. Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams as the normal defense protected! Objects, events and experiences ZPD, leading to a certain way of developing skills and.. Most influential theorists for this discussion data processing originating from this website good at reading books and patiently... A task is too hard for one person to do pipe breaks: and the children to!

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