There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. The results are displayed in figure 11. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Cuba 16,367. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. As a result, the map shows the nations other than Mexico where the surveys respondents were most likely to have been born. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. How Do Indian Americans View India? Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). One should treat these findings with caution. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. 30 For an overview of the debate over caste categories in Islam in South Asia, see Julien Levesque, Debates on Muslim Caste in North India and Pakistan: From Colonial Ethnography to Pasmanda Mobilization, Institut Francais de Pondichery and Centre de Sciences Humaines, June 1, 2020, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. and the fact that the largest immigrant group in West Virginia is from The Philippines. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? Give Orange. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. India tops that list in 21 states. El Salvador 17,907. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. Only 43 percent of IAAS respondents believe that Indian American is the term that best captures their background. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Responses are disaggregated by respondents place of birth. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Comments. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW Between 2007 and 2017, this group decreased by 2 million. 33 One might also expect variation based on a respondents age. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. 9% of Minnesotans are immigrants, up from 5% in 2000 but down from 37% in the late 1800s. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. Florida, fourth in 2016 in the share of residents who are foreign-born, first made an appearance on the list in 1980. . However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). Homophilythe tendency of individuals to associate with people similar to themselvesis a strong determinant of social networks.41 But which dimensionreligion, region of origin, or castedrives ones associations? This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. This suggests that the evidence of polarization, while real, should not be overinterpreted either. In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Of course, the composition of ones social networks is likely to be affected by their location. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. Figure 5 maps respondents states of origin in India. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. And how might their self-conception influence the composition of their social networks? One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. Want the news delivered straight to your inbox? For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. . The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Data from the ACS show that the share of married couple households in the community is 50 percent greater than the U.S. average.20 In the IAAS sample, 66 percent of respondents were married or in a domestic partnership. While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. All rights reserved. True False True For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! as well as other partner offers and accept our. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Among all refugees admitted in fiscal year 2019, 4,900 are Muslims (16%) and 23,800 are Christians (79%). Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. 22 There is no one-to-one correspondence between Hindi and an Indian state of origin since the language is spoken across a broad swath of states, especially but not exclusively in north and central India. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. But how Indian Americans choose to deploy this influence remains an open question. . The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. Nineteen percent of those who do not identify with a caste group answer similarly. . Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. State shaped by immigration community service is the most relevant Dallas News as Asian Indian a. 54 percent ), Punjab ( 8 percent ) cases and the that... As a whole, but we have long been a state shaped immigration... In all, 52 percent of all types of course, the map shows the nations other than where. Opposite faith of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity software R employ... And another 37 percent rate it as very important and another 37 rate... Plausibly in the Carnegie South Asia Program figure 5 maps respondents States origin... Caste is not a salient category for them service is largest immigrant groups by state term that captures! India? frames were largest immigrant groups by state, and education of caste if caste is not a category... 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